000			01868nam a22002177a 4500
003			PMNP
005			20250604145422.0
008			250604b |||||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
020			_a9781398107342
040			_aPMNP _beng _cKutubkhanah Diraja
082			_a956.92
100			_93499 _aBrunton, John
245			_aThe Mamluks: _bSlave Warriors of Medieval Islam _cJohn Bruton
260			_bAmberly _c2023
300			_a287
520			_aFrom humble beginnings as slaves in Egypt, the Mamluks trained as soldiers and rose in status to seize control of the largest empire in Islam. They ruled over Egypt and Syria for over two centuries. They saved the region from devastation by the Mongols and expelled the last of the Crusaders from the Holy Land. The Mamluks presided over the last flowering of the culture of medieval Islam, when scientific and artistic achievements were at least preserved, if not greatly advanced. The first Mamluks were Turks, chosen for their reputed pugnacious nature. A Turk and his horse always made a formidable combination, according to writings from the early period of the Arab conquests. As author John Brunton explains, ‘The tibaq system made soldiers of slaves. As a hybrid of the harsh nomadic tribesman and the well-trained knight, a Mamluk faris (cadet trooper) could certainly produce results.’ Conquest by the Ottomans of 1517 may have ended the Mamluke Sultanate, but the Mamluks themselves continued as a powerful military class until modern times. They fought Napoleon when he invaded Egypt in 1798. Their alleged end in 1811 was as bloody as the rest of their history, but there is even evidence of the Mamluks continuing longer, possibly until the later nineteenth century.
650		0	_92525 _aIslam and Civilization
942			_2ddc _cBK _n0
999			_c3298 _d3298